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   2024
 5 
 
(   )
 3  100
:      ,             
            
--
1.        ?     
2.              
-
3.            
4.            
  
5           
6.          
Easy2Siksha.com
-
7.      ?
8.       
         ?
   2024
 5 
 
(   )
 3  100
:      ,             
            
-
1.        ?     
:                 
     -      ,   ,  ,
 ,           
   ,            
   ,           
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚 
󷃆󼽢
Easy2Siksha.com
     ()        
                   
             
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
     300             
  140  , :
     = ₹300   / 140  = ₹2.14   
            2.14     ( 
     )
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
2024 :
    :  2,400 
      :  85,000      
            -   
      
󹵲󹵳󹵴󹵵󹵶󹵷   
󷃆󼽢
   ()           
  ()        ()  
  :
  ()
  (   )
 (    )
  0  1    1   ,    
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
       :
    : 0.961 ( )
    : 0.633 ()
Easy2Siksha.com
                   ,
      
󹲋󹲌󹲍󹲎󹲏󹲓󹲔󹲐󹲑󹲒
󷃆󼽢
      ,  -      
 
()                 
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
    ₹280      140  ,   = 
₹2 
     ... 60   ,      
 
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
          :
 : $1,135  
 : $1,136  $13,845
 : $13,845  
   -   
󷻂󷻃󷻄󷻅󷻆󷻇󷻈󷻉󷻀󷻁󻯊󻯋󼊵󼊶󻯌󷻑󻯍󼊷󼊸󷻕󷻖󷻚󷻛󷻗󼊳󻯎󻯏󻯐󼊴󼊹󷻋󷻌
󷃆󼽢
            ,     ,  
        
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
   100      30           -   
30% 
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
2011       21.9% 
       2023    10%    

Easy2Siksha.com
  =  
󸦴󸅊󸅋󸅌󸅍󸅎󸅏󸦵󸦶󸦷󹁵󸦸󹁶󹁷󹁸󹁹󸅓󸦹󸦺󸦻󹁴󸦽󸦾󹁺󸦿󹁻󹁼󸧀󸧁󸧂󸧃󸧄 
󷃆󼽢
                
     ,       
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
     84     ,   ()    54  
   ,         
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
    (2024): ~70 
   : ~84 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂   
󷃆󼽢
                 
             
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
         ,       ,
    
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
    (2024):  77%
 (    ): 96%
 ( ): ~62%
󷉃󷉄  
󷃆󼽢
      ,            
   
Easy2Siksha.com
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
            ,    
 ,      
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
      GDI   ( )
 ,        30-40%  
󷆭󷆬 
󷃆󼽢
                 
  
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
                 
   ,        ,       
(    )
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
     (     ,  
  )
          -      
 
󺠕󺠖󺠗󺠘󺠙󺠚󺠛󺠜󺠝󺠞  
󷃆󼽢
  , , ,         
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
  A      ,   B   ,   B   ,
      
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
         ,   :
Easy2Siksha.com
10   1       
           
󷃆󼽢
               -  , ,
            - 
 
 
 
  
   


      
 

 (, ,
)
       
  
 

      
 

   
 

     


-   
 

-  
2.              
:
              
      ,            
     
 ,              ,     
                  
     
               

Easy2Siksha.com
󹻂 
                 
         ,       
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 








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
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
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
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

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



󷻀󷻁󷻂󷻃󷻄󷻅󷻆󷻇󷻈󷻉󸙥󸙦󸙤󸙧󷻋󷻌󷻍󷻎󷻏󷻐󷻑󷻒󷻓󷻔󷻕󷻖󷻗󷻘󷻙󷻚󷻛  
                  
           ,       - , ,
,     
           ,         
             -    
 
      ,     
󷃆󹸃󹸄  
         
          
           
         
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫 

     ,    45-50%      , 
       15-18%         
       ,       
󹻂
       .     ,  " 
"    
Easy2Siksha.com
                 ,   
 ,       
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 










,






 


-



,








,










󹙥󹙦󹗢󹗣󹗤󹗥󹗦󹗧󹗨󹗪󹘌󹘍󹙣󹙤󹗮󹗯󹗰󹗱󹙧󹗲󹗳󹗴󹗵󹗶󹗷󹗸 
                   
                  ₹200
 ,            
                   
      
󷅤󷨉󷅔󷅥󷅦󷅗󷨊󷅘󷨋󷨌󷨍󷅙󷨎󷅚󷆃 
..           :
1.   -  ,  ,  
2.   ,  ,  
  :
         
      
    ,        
󷃆󹸃󹸄 
    
          
      
  ,   ,         
Easy2Siksha.com
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫   
 (    )  ,     
  40% ,   (15-29 )     18-20%
  90%       ,      
  
󺯑󺯒󺯓󺯔󺯕󺯖󺯗󺯘󺯙󺯚󺯛󺯜󺯝  
    
    ,      :

  
   

 /   
 /  
 
  
,     

     
      
  

        
  
     

   
    " "
  
   (      )      ,  
              ,    

󼨐󼨑󼨒  
         
            
 ,    
     
󽄵   
1.            
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2.         
3.       
4.            
5.           
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍
       ,         
          ,      
          ,     

              
  ,           ,      
                 
-
3.            
:        -   -  
󹺹󹺺
  ""   ,               
 ,          ,     
              
   ,              
               ,  ,
        
              ,    
      
󷷆󷷇󷷈  
1818    
      
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      ,        
       
           -   ( )
  ( )
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨   
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   
     ,          ,
                
 
   :
    1,000   ,     2,000  
   -   
      :
       ?
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   
            ?
      
         
  (    )      

󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
    500     
         ,  2000    
₹1500 (   )     -       
,                 ,
       
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󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾     
             :
 (, ,   )     
 (, ,  )          
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
  2023      :
    1%       45%   
 ,     1%    
               
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾    
          -  -   
-,    ( ,   )
- ,  ,        
   ?
           
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
          
          
,     ,     ,   
    
     ,      
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   
-    ,        :
    
   
  , -         
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               
                  -
, :
   (, , )      
       
󹳣󹳤󹳥   
 
 

 ₹500  ,  ₹2000
  

      ,
   

 1% ,  50% 

2008   
 
,  , 
󼨐󼨑󼨒     
                :
 
 
  
 
    
            ()   ,  
     -           
Easy2Siksha.com
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 
             :








?









?













?
           ,     
               
     
4.            
:    -       
   ( -     )      
                    
1956            1987      
,        ,          

󷉃󷉄 
   :
              ()
 
     ?
       -           , 
 
󹸽 
            :
1.  (K), , , 
2.  (  )    
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3.  ()    
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 

󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
  ,        :
 = × ( , )
 :
Y =  ( )
A = 
K = 
L = 
F =  (K  L      )
  :                 ,
   ()    
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨   
     :
100  ()
10  ()
       10    
  
   -      ?    ,     
        
    :          
󹳦󹳤󹳧 
          
 :
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     100    
  70   
  40   
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾
,     (  )      
󷃆󹸃󹸄
      
       ,   
     :
 
         
      -    -    
  :
 = 
       
     
󺚽󺚾󺛂󺛃󺚿󺛀󺛁    
        :
"          "
        
 :
            8  
 ,       
,    ,  ()      
󹳣󹳤󹳥 
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱
    (,  )
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     
        
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨
       
,       
     , ,        
 
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚 
   
1.       :
o   1950          
o    ,         
o        ,      
o      :    ()   
  ,       
2.    :
o 1991  ,            
o     ,        
o           
o      :      A 
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  
1.  (    )
2.     ( K  L →  )
3.    
4.        
5.     
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󺫦󺫤󺫥󺫧
1.             (),    
       
2.       (,   )    
3.       , 
4.  ,        ,      
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 
󷃆󼽢   
 
   
   
 (K)
󷃆󼽢
󽅂
 ( )
󷃆󼽢
󽅂
 ()
󷃆󼽢
󷃆󼽢
             
      
        -      
               - ,
,    
  
5           
:       -     
󼨐󼨑󼨒
       ,    :
   ?
         ?
Easy2Siksha.com
󷆫󷆪
                   
   :
  
  
   
      :        ? 
               ?
     :
      
   --  ,       
     
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤  
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
              - , ,  ,
,                , 
    
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴  
                : ,
, ,   
,                ,   
         ,        
     
󷪳󷪴󷪵󷪸󷪹󷪺󷪻󷪼󷪽󷪾󷪿󷪶󷪷 
1960         ,         
                
󷃆󼽢  
  ( , , )   
   
Easy2Siksha.com
     
      
      
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
          
    "  "       -  
     
               , 
        
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
     
      
     
       
󽅂 
       
         
      
󹴡󹴬󹴭 
󹴮󹴯󹴰󹴱󹴲󹴳 
          ,      
          
     ,    ( , ,  ) 
        
󼏨󼏩󼏪󼏫󼏬󷸓󼏭󼏮󷸕󼏯󷸖󼏰󼏱󼏲󼏳󼏴  
,         ,         
   ,              
 ,               
  
Easy2Siksha.com
         -       
      
󷪳󷪴󷪵󷪸󷪹󷪺󷪻󷪼󷪽󷪾󷪿󷪶󷪷 
1980                  , 
     ,       
󷃆󼽢  
    
               
       
    
             
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫
  .   
          
:     ,      ,    
   
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
     
    
     
       
󽅂 
     
    
             
      
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  
Easy2Siksha.com

  
  
 
   
  
  

  
 


  
   
   

 
,  ( )
  

(   )

  
      
󹰤󹰥󹰦󹰧󹰨
           
        ,       

   ,     ,    
  -        
6.          
:󼨐󼨑󼨒
        1960       
                 
       ,         
  
  :           ,  
  ( ),    (  ),      (  ), 
   (    ),         
 (     )  ,      
Easy2Siksha.com
,               5
  
󼨻󼨼  
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂 
     
        
      
        -   
󷻂󷻃󷻄󷻅󷻆󷻇󷻈󷻉󷻀󷻁󻯊󻯋󼊵󼊶󻯌󷻑󻯍󼊷󼊸󷻕󷻖󷻚󷻛󷻗󼊳󻯎󻯏󻯐󼊴󼊹󷻋󷻌 
                  
          -     
   
󷨤󷨪󷨥󷨦󷨧󷨨󷨩 
  
              
            ,     
  
󷃆󹸊󹸋 
󼿝󼿞󼿟 
       
      
, ,        
        
       
󹺊  
                 
                
          ,    
󷆰  
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 , 1947    ,    (  ),    
           
󺚽󺚾󺛂󺛃󺚿󺛀󺛁
󹺁󹺂 
   
     
         ()
     
    
󹳣󹳤󹳥  
   ,              
                 
     
 
  
1960-70            , -
           ,   
   
󷧺󷧻󷧼󷧽󷨀󷧾󷧿 
󹲟󹲠󹲡󹲢 
     -         
         
     
      
    (     )
󷅤󷨉󷅔󷅥󷅦󷅗󷨊󷅘󷨋󷨌󷨍󷅙󷨎󷅚󷆃  
,             , ,   ,
                 
          
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󷪳󷪴󷪵󷪸󷪹󷪺󷪻󷪼󷪽󷪾󷪿󷪶󷪷
1990  2000          ,   
      "  "  
󹱰󹱱󹱲󹱴󹱳 
󷓠󷓡󷓢󷓣󷓤󷓥󷓨󷓩󷓪󷓫󷓦󷓧󷓬 
   
 ,        
  ( , , )    
  ,         
󺪧󺪨󺪩󺪪  
               ,  
  ,        ,   
 
 
  
, ,           , , 
              
󷃆󹸊󹸋    

 
  
 
1
 
,   
1947    
2
-   

  , 
    
3
 
    
  (1960 
)
4
  

   

 (1990-2000  )
5
  
 ,   
  ,

Easy2Siksha.com
󼨐󼨑󼨒 
         
,           
      , ,       
              
   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷
             -  
              , -
     ,    ,      ,  
      
,         ,      
              
 
,         
-
7.      ?
:󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹 
          ,          
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾 
       , , ,      
                 
            ,    
  ,              
󷧺󷧻󷧼󷧽󷨀󷧾󷧿  
 ,                
   :
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  󷬠󷬡󷬢󷬣󷬤󷬥󷬦󷬧󷬨󷬩󷬪󷬯󷬫󷬬󷬭󷬮
 󷨲󷨳󷨸󷨴󷨵󷨶󷨷
 󼩣󼩤󼩥󼩦󼩧󼩨󼩩
     󺩉󺩊󺩋󺩌󺩍󺩏󺩎
 󹱼󹱽󹱿󹲀󹱾
       ?
          ,       ,      
     
    -     ,        
 ,      
󹱩󹱪 
        
   
       
       
            
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂  
1. 
   
               ,    
   
󹻂 
    ₹1000     ₹200  ,       
     ,          ,    
   
Easy2Siksha.com
󹻂 
           30%      
 ₹100         ,  ₹30 ,   
  
2.  
       
     
,       
      (  ,   )  
 
󹻂 
              ₹50,000      
 
󹻂 
           ₹1000    ,  
             !
3.    /  
    , , ,     
:
     
       
󹻂 
             
󹻂
       40%     
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4.  /  
      :
 󺫯󺫰󺫹󺫱󺫲󺫳󺫴󺫵󺫶󺫺󺫷󺫻󺫸
 󺛭󺛮󺛯󺛰󺛱󺛲󺛳
  󽄌󽄍󽄎󽄏
󷪛󷪜󷪝󷪞󷪟󷪠󷪢󷪡
 󷩦󷩧󷩨󷩩󷩪󷩫󷩬󷩭󷩮
        :


 

󹻂 
               , 
      -     
󹻂
         20%  
5.     
  (-  )          
  
         
󹻂 
            -     
      
󹻂
2022 ,    120       ,   
   
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6.  
     ,        
   :
 (  )-        
 (  )-        
󹻂 
            -    
󹻂
  2023-24   70      
7.    
         :
  ( )
  (   )
  ,         
󹻂 
       ₹10,000      
      
8.  
    
         :
 
 (
  )
  
󹻂 
                 
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9.   
-            
󹻂 
               
,       
10.       
  ,               
       
󹻂
  10       ₹100  6  ,     
    ₹3000        ,     
  
     
󼨐󼨑󼨒  
               
              
    ,        :
    󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂
         󹶯󹶲󹶳󹶰󹶱󹶴
     󷕘󷕙󷕚
        ,          
          
   
8.       
         ?
:󷃆󼽢
  -  -         
     ,        , 
       
Easy2Siksha.com
,     -   
󷆯󷆮
          :
󹻂 

- 
          ,    
      ,  ()   
     —140  (1.4 )     50%     
        ,         
        
,           ,   (, ,  )
   
󺫦󺫤󺫥󺫧  
1. - 
      .
     .
 :   ,    ,  

2. - 
      
      .
 :      ,      ,
     
󷃆󼽢  
󷃆󼽢- 
  ,          -  
   
󹴷󹴺󹴸󹴹󹴻󹴼󹴽󹴾󹴿󹵀󹵁󹵂    
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           -      
         100  
        10       
       (-),   10      
     5      
   -     ,   50     
        
  -           ?
󷃆󽅕
     ,      , -   
󹳣󹳤󹳥  
1.     (2024):
o  500        
o               
2.    (2023):
o     (15-29 )     15-20% 
o       ,    
3.  :
o       
o   -     
4.    :
o   "  "        
o ,     () 11      
  ,    -    
󷉃󷉄   
1.     
     
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-        
        -    
2.    
     ,     
     ,        
3.        
           
-     
4.     
         
,          
5.       
         
, ,           
󽅂
  :         
  :  10      ,   
  :            
       -   ,     
   
󼨐󼨑󼨒     
         1000      
 1:       (- )
: ₹1 
   1    
1  1000   
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 2:     10        (- )
: ₹500   = ₹5000
2  1000   
 ,         ,     ?
󷃆󽅕  
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷
  -  -    :
     
    -   -    
      
     
     
,  -  (- )       
         ,      
,     
󹲹󹲺󹲻󹲼󹵉󹵊󹵋󹵌󹵍
"      ,    ,      
   "
   -       -    
 ,           
"                 
     ,     "